First detection of canine parvovirus type 2c in brazil. Canine parvovirus type 2 vaccine protects against virulent challenge with type 2c virus article in veterinary microbiology 12812. Canine parvovirus and benefits of plasma treatment iowa. Currently, information about the genotype prevalence of cpv2 in vietnam is limited. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is a severe enteric pathogen mainly affecting dogs. Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus type 2 in. The presence of canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2, 2a and 2b has been described in brazil, however, the type 2c had not been reported until now. This is the first isolate of cpv 2c genomically characterized in brazil. Pdf occurrence of canine parvovirus type 2c in the dogs. Parvo is a deadly disease caused by the canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 virus.
Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is a highly contagious virus that causes acute gastroenteritis in dogs all over the world. Pathogenic potential of canine parvovirus types 2a and 2c. Canine parvovirus an overview sciencedirect topics. The first isolation and identification of canine parvovirus. Canine parvovirus 1 cpv1 the original canine parvovirus, cpv1 is most commonly seen in puppies ages 1 to 3 weeks. Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus type 2 in vietnam. We have developed twin assays slide agglutination test sat for cpv antigen and slide inhibition test sit for cpv antibody that are sensitive, specific, costeffective, generic for all genotypes of cpv, and provide instant results for cpv antigen detection in feces and. Canine parvovirus cpv type 2 cpv2 emerged around 1978 as a major pathogen of dogs worldwide. The vetscan canine parvovirus rapid test detects cpv1, cpv2a, 2b, and 2c strains of the canine parvovirus disease in canine fecal material. Seven healthy dogs, seronegative for cpv2, were enrolled into two treatment groups.
Pdf canine parvovirus type 2 vaccine protects against. Two distinct parvoviruses are now known to infect dogsthe pathogenic cpv2 and cpv1 or the minute virus of canine mvc. Apr 27, 2019 canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 was first identified in the late 1970s. The content on this page is a condensed version of our brochure, canine parvovirus, available in.
Detection of canine parvovirus type 2c by a commercially. Pdf occurrence of canine parvovirus type 2c in the. This highly contagious disease is spread by direct or indirect contact with infected feces. Negi college of veterinary and animal sciences, chaudhary sarwan kumar himachal pradesh krishi vishvavidyalaya. Introduction parvovirus is regarded as one of the major causes of viral. The most important enteric virus infecting canids is canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2. Simple tests for rapid detection of canine parvovirus antigen. In this study cpv2 was detected and recovered from puppies showing clinical disease from montevideo, uruguay. Because of its stability in the environment, cpv2 can remain infective for a long time, especially if protected in organic matter. Sep 12, 2016 first detection of canine parvovirus type 2b from diarrheic dogs in himachal pradesh shalini sharma 1, prasenjit dhar 1, aneesh thakur 1, vivek sharma 2, mandeep sharma 1 1 department of veterinary microbiology, dr. Six spf beagle dogs were given the minimum recommended course of vaccination, comprising a. Canine parvovirus type 2 is the cause of a highly contagious acute enteritis associated with high.
Pdf first detection of canine parvovirus type 2c in. Our study represents the first report on isolation and characterization of canine parvovirus type 2c cpv 2c in cell cultures from south american dogs. In australia the disease has been associated with cpv2a and cpv2b variants. Canine parvovirus type 2c cpv 2c was first detected in italy in 2000. In the current study, seven out of nine samples from dogs with diarrhea were characterized as cpv 2c, indicating that this virus is already circulating in the brazilian canine population. While many other species parvoviruses have been known for decades, cpv1 is a relative newcomer, discovered in 1967 in germany. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is a highly contagious disease of dogs spread through the. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 emerged in late 1970s causing severe epizootics in kennels and dog shelters worldwide. Canine parvovirus 2 cpv2 cpv2 is the disease commonly associated with the parvovirus since its mutation from cpv1 in the 1970s. Cpv is the aetiologic agent of a contagious disease, mainly characterized by clinical gastroenteritis signs in younger dogs. Taiwan has been considered free from canine parvovirus type 2c cpv2c based on the last report of canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2. In the mid1980s, the original cpv2 had evolved and was completely replaced by 2 variants, cpv2a and cpv2b. In the mid1980s, the original cpv2 had evolved and was completely replaced by 2 variants, cpv2a.
Isolation and genome characterization of canine parvovirus. Detection of the canine parvovirus 2c subtype in australian. Dimarco b francesca amorisco a maria loredana colaianni a canio buonavoglia a. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is the aetiological agent of a severe viral disease in dogs. Five weeks after the second vaccination the dogs were challenged with 3. Isolation and genome characterization of canine parvovirus type 2c in brazil. Nov 29, 2018 this study focused on the isolation and characterization of parvovirus in an infected dog in midwestern brazil. Soon after its emergence, cpv2 underwent genetic evolution giving rise consecutively to two antigenic variants, cpv2a and cpv2b that replaced progressively the original type.
Canine parvovirus cpv and feline panleukopenia virus fplv are members of the feline parvovirus fpv subgroup and are classified as autonomous parvoviruses of the familyparvoviridae. Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus type 2 in vietnam from. Cultures that remained negative after the second passage were scored as negative for virus isolation. There are several variants of the cpv2 known as cpv2a, cpv2b and cpv 2c. Clinical and molecular data have demonstrated its circulation in brazilian dogs, yet detailed descriptions of cases are still lacking. The cpv2 was distinct from the wellknown parvovirus, canine minute virus cnmv, which was formerly known as canine parvovirus type 1. Prevalence of protective antibody titers for canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus in dogs entering a florida shelter. Since it only affected puppies, it was not seen as much of a threat. Detection of canine parvovirus type 2c by a commercially available inhouse rapid test author links open overlay panel nicola decaro a costantina desario a melissa j. This nonenveloped singlestranded dna virus belongs to the parvoviridae family and has an approximately 5.
Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is a leading cause of diarrhea in puppies in several parts of the world. Jun 01, 2012 canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is a leading cause of diarrhea in puppies in several parts of the world. Pathogenic potential of canine parvovirus types 2a and 2c in. The in vivo pathogenicity of canine parvovirus cpv type 2c strain v203 and of cpv type. In the mid1980s, the original cpv2 had evolved and was. Spreading of canine parvovirus type 2c mutants of asian origin in southern italy.
Durham, in pathologic basis of veterinary disease sixth edition, 2017. Sep 23, 2016 canine parvovirus type 2c cpv2c was first detected in italy in 2000. Parrish cr, aquadro cf, strassheim ml, evermann jf, sgro jy, mohammed ho. Pdf canine parvovirus cpv type 2 cpv2 emerged around 1978 as a major pathogen of dogs worldwide. It has been reported from asia, australia, new zealand, the americas and europe. Thirty cpv susceptible beagle pups were vaccinated twice, three weeks apart with either a 1. Canine parvovirus cpv is the number one viral cause of enteritis, morbidity, and mortality in 8weekold young puppies. Pdf isolation and genome characterization of canine. Since its sudden emergence in the early 1970s, canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 has been evolving through the generation of novel genetic and antigenic variants cpv2abc and a number of additional mutations that are unevenly distributed. Identification of a novel canine parvovirus type 2c in taiwan. The virus attacks the gastrointestinal tract and immune system of puppies and dogs.
Spreading of canine parvovirus type 2c mutants of asian. Serological survey of canine parvovirus 2 antibody titres in. Canine parvovirus types 2c and 2b circulating in north american dogs in 2006 and 2007. Jul 01, 2012 conclusions and clinical relevancecpv type2b and cpv type2c posed similar health risks for dogs. The relatively rapid evolution of canine parvovirus has resulted in the loss and then regaining of the feline host range truyen et al. Based on the analysis of a partial vp2 sequence of 54 samples, canine parvovirus type 2c cpv 2c n 26, cpv2b n 25, and cpv2 n 3 were detected in the united states. Canine parvovirus 2 cpv2 has been considered to be an important pathogen of domestic and wild canids and has spread worldwide since its emergence in 1978. Detection of canine parvovirus types 2b and 2c in canine. Jun 01, 2017 canine parvovirus cpv2 is an important cause of hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs. Canine parvovirus type 2 vaccine protects against virulent challenge with type 2c virus n.
Canine parvovirus american veterinary medical association. To fully understand the effects pathology and pathophysiology, clinical signs, and treatment of canine parvovirus 2 cpv2, veterinary technicians need to understand the normal anatomy and physiology of the body systems. Pdf occurrence of canine parvovirus type 2c in the united. Cpv2 contains three antigenic variants 2a, 2b, and 2c that are distributed internationally. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is a highly contagious disease of dogs spread through the fecaloral route or oronasal exposure to contaminated fomites. Cpv is highly contagious and is spread from dog to dog by direct or indirect contact with their feces. Effects of canine parvovirus strain variations on diagnostic. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 was first identified in the late 1970s. Canine parvovirus is a highly contagious virus that can affect all dogs, but unvaccinated dogs and puppies younger than four months old are the most at risk. Canine parvovirus type 2b is the most prevalent genomic. Since the replacement of the original type 2 virus by the 2a, 2b variant and more recently the type 2c viruses parrish et al. It can also attack the heart of very young puppies.
This paper reports a case of enteritis by canine parvovirus type 2c cpv 2c in a 5yearold dog. The cpv2 virus induced hemorrhagic enteritis, severe diarrhea, vomiting, and leukopenia associated with a high mortality in infected dogs and spread into nonimmune dog populations worldwide causing a pandemic. Canine parvovirus type 2c infection in a kitten associated. Canine parvovirus disease, caused by canine parvovirus 2 now designated with feline. Epidemiological, clinical and pathological features of. Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus, europe. Canine parvovirus cpv2 is the causative agent of haemorrhagic gastroenteritis in canids. Canine parvovirus cpv emerged in the late 1970s, presumably from feline panleukopenia virus or from a wild carnivore parvovirus via genetic mutations and evolution, and it rapidly established itself as a major viral pathogen of dog populations worldwide. Canine parvovirus cpv and feline panleukopenia virus fplv are members of the feline parvovirus fpv subgroup and are classified as autonomous parvoviruses of the family parvoviridae. Pdf occurrence of canine parvovirus type 2c in the united states. Parvovirus is the most common viral cause of diarrhea in young puppies.
Simple tests for rapid detection of canine parvovirus. The canine parvovirus cpv infection is a highly contagious viral illness that affects dogs. More common is the intestinal form of parvo in dogs, which is characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss and lack of appetite anorexia. Canine parvovirus type 2c infection in a kitten associated with intracranial abscess and convulsions show all authors carolyn m. Faecal samples of 78 dogs that have been vaccinated against cpv and later presented with clinical signs suspected of parvovirus infection were used. For canine parvovirus type 1, see carnivore bocaparvovirus 1. The functions of capsid protein vp2 include facilitating receptor binding, controlling host range, and eliciting. The need to update current vaccines remains to be assessed. Beall b alessandra cavalli a marco campolo a anthony a. Dogs that are ill from canine parvovirus infection are often said to have parvo. In 2000, a new variant of cpv named cpv 2c was detected in italy and now cocirculates with types 2a and 2b in that country. Canine parvovirus is a significant viral pathogen that can affect dogs of any age but more commonly affects puppies.
Canine parvovirus is a virus recognized in the 1970s that has consistently transmutated into new virulent forms. The virus affects dogs gastrointestinal tracts and is spread by direct dogtodog contact and contact. Isolation and characterization of canine parvovirus type 2c. People who are in contact with sick or exposed dogs should avoid handling of other dogs or at least wash their hands and change their clothes before doing so. The content on this page is a condensed version of our brochure, canine parvovirus, available in english and spanish. Investigation of a canine parvovirus outbreak using next. Jenessa gjeltema, hayley murphy, and sam rivera clinical canine parvovirus type 2c infection in a group of asian smallclawed otters aonyx cinerea, journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 461, 120123, 1 march 2015. Canine parvovirus 2c, isolation, molecular characterization, south america. Study design the usdaapproved study involved 258 fecal samples that were obtained from private practices, humane societies and laboratories.
It emerged as a dog pathogen in the late 1970s, when outbreaks of haemorrhagic gastroenteritis were observed in puppies and young dogs in kennels and shelters worldwide. Detection of canine parvovirus types 2b and 2c in canine faecal samples contaminating urban thoroughfares in brazil. Occurrence of canine parvovirus type 2c in the dogs with haemorrhagic enteritis in india. Rapid antigenictype replacement and dna sequence evolution of canine parvovirus. Sep 10, 20 canine parvovirus type 2c identified from an outbreak of severe gastroenteritis in a litter in sweden david sutton, 1 carina vinberg, 2 agneta gustafsson, 3 jacqueline pearce, 1 and neil greenwood 1.
Breed, age, vaccination status, clinical outcome, and canine parvovirus 2 cpv2 type detected in dogs with clinical signs suggestive of parvovirus infection. Our results indicate that both types of cpv have the potential to induce disease in cats. Over the course of 25 days, nine asian smallclawed otters aonyx cinerea presented for evaluation of inappetence, lethargy, vomiting, and diarrhea. Canine parvovirus type 2c identified from an outbreak of. Nonenveloped icosahedral parvovirus like particles were isolated in crfk cells and were allocated to a clade comprised of strains of cpv 2c, based on genome analysis.
Canine parvovirus type 2 vaccine protects against virulent. Its spread through direct contact with infected dogs or infected feces. Identification of a novel canine parvovirus type 2c in. Cpv type 2 cpv2 was first observed in dogs in 1978, and this virus subsequently became globally distributed such that it is now endemic in populations of domestic and wild canids 16, 22.
The first isolation and identification of canine parvovirus cpv type 2c variants during 20162018 genetic surveillance of dogs in mongolia. Sample breed age weeks vaccination status clinical outcome elisa result cpv type ptup106 mixed 14 incomplete died negative 2b ptup206 mixed 9 none died positive 2c. Mar 01, 2015 despite the occurrence of clinical disease in a wide range of carnivore hosts, only vague accounts of clinical canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 in any otter species have been reported in the literature. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is a significant virus of canines worldwide and was first described in 1978 carmichael, 2005.
Cpv2 is responsible for causing the most serious disease affects in all canine populations. Enteritis caused by type 2c canine parvovirus in a 5year. The american cpv2b isolates have unique codons 494 and 572 in vp2. Three antigenic variantscpv2a, cpv2b and cpv 2c have been described, which are determined by variations at residue 426 of the vp2 capsid protein. First detection of canine parvovirus type 2c in pups with.
Canine parvovirus cpv2 antigenic variants circulating. Cross protection of vanguard 5l4cv vaccine against. Isolation and characterization of canine parvovirus type. Canine parvovirus also referred to as cpv, cpv2, or parvo is a contagious virus mainly affecting dogs. A third more recently emerged variant overseas, cpv 2c, has not been detected in surveys of the australian dog population. Isolation and characterization of canine parvovirus type 2c circulating in uruguay isolamento e caracterizacao da cepa tipo 2c do parvovirus canino circulante no uruguai received 12. Canine parvovirus type 2c cpv 2c emerged in europe in the early 2000s and rapidly spread out worldwide. The presence of canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2, 2a and 2b has been described in. Samples were processed and used to infect crfk and mdck cells in order to isolate the virus. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is a nonenveloped, single stranded dna virus that causes fatal gastroenteritis in young dogs. Since its emergence, cpv2 has been replaced with new genetic variants cpv2a, cpv2b, and cpv 2c. Samples were processed and used to infect crfk and mdck cells in. The authors report a field study that investigated the canine parvovirus cpv strains present in dogs that developed the disease after being vaccinated.
The ability of dogs vaccinated with a live attenuated cpv type 2 nobivac intervet vaccine to resist challenge with a current cpv2c isolate was investigated. Emergence of canine parvovirus type 2c in domestic dogs. Canine parvovirus types 2c and 2b circulating in north. The in vivo pathogenicity of canine parvovirus cpv type 2c strain v203 and of cpv type 2a strain v154 against cats was investigated. The virus has tropism for rapidly dividing cells, and replication begins in the lymphoid tissues of the oropharynx, thymus, and. Occurrence of canine parvovirus type 2c in the united states. Vaccines can prevent this infection, but mortality can reach 91% in untreated cases.